Saudi Arabia, known for its vast deserts, is launching the Saudi Green Initiative (SGI) to plant 10 billion trees and restore nearly 74.8 million hectares of desert land. The project aims to combat desertification and improve the environment. Launched in 2021 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, SGI targets planting over 600 million trees by 2030. The Kingdom contains the Rub’ al Khali, the largest sand desert on Earth, which makes this goal challenging. Despite harsh conditions, scientists conducted a two-year study to identify areas where vegetation can grow and survive sustainably. Native tree species will be planted to restore balance. By July 2025, Saudi Arabia had planted over 151 million trees and restored about 500,000 hectares, showing steady progress. The initiative also focuses on improving water use through desalination, water reuse, and rainwater harvesting. Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest producer of desalinated water, with expanded water storage and cloud seeding to support greening. SGI is part of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, linking land restoration to emissions cuts and renewable energy. The Kingdom plans to reduce carbon emissions by 278 million tonnes annually and increase protected land and sea areas to over 30 percent. The entire program supports economic growth by creating jobs in tree planting, irrigation, and environmental management. Urban projects like Green Riyadh aim to boost city greenery, reduce temperatures by 2.2°C, and improve air quality. Major new parks, including King Salman Park, will add millions of trees. Saudi Arabia’s ambitious environmental efforts represent a practical move to make the desert more resilient and livable, reducing risk while balancing its role as a major oil producer. Through science, water management, and large-scale tree planting, the Kingdom charts a green future in a harsh landscape.